See the instrument.
Understand the principle.
From a counting chamber to a spirometer. Learn what each instrument does, identify its parts and practise explaining the science behind it.
Back to Practical Hub32 instruments to explore

Compound microscope
Magnifies cells and tissues for practical identification and manual counting.
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Improved Neubauer haemocytometer
Manually estimates cell concentration in a known volume under a microscope.
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Sahli haemoglobinometer
Estimates haemoglobin by visual matching of acid haematin colour in a teaching laboratory.
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RBC diluting pipette
Prepares a measured cell suspension for traditional manual haemocytometry.
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WBC diluting pipette
Prepares a measured cell suspension for traditional manual haemocytometry.
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ESR sedimentation apparatus
Measures the distance red cells settle in a specified time in anticoagulated blood.
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Wintrobe tube
Used in traditional macrohaematocrit and Wintrobe ESR methods.
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Microhaematocrit centrifuge
Separates blood in capillary tubes for packed cell volume measurement.
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Blood lancet
Obtains a small capillary blood sample in supervised clinical or laboratory work.
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Sphygmomanometer
Measures arterial blood pressure indirectly with a suitable validated method.
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Stethoscope
Transmits body sounds for cardiovascular, respiratory and other clinical examination.
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Electrocardiograph
Records differences in electrical potential generated by cardiac activity at the body surface.
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Pulse oximeter
Noninvasively estimates peripheral arterial oxygen saturation and pulse rate.
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Spirometer
Measures exhaled or inhaled volume and flow to assess ventilatory function.
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Peak expiratory flow meter
Measures peak expiratory flow during a forceful expiratory effort.
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Tuning fork
Provides a vibration for bedside hearing or vibration-sense examination, using the frequency appropriate to the test.
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Reflex hammer
Elicits deep tendon reflexes as part of a neurological examination.
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Aesthesiometer
Assesses two-point discrimination during a sensory examination.
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Semmes–Weinstein monofilament
Tests pressure perception; a specified 10 g monofilament is commonly used in protective-sensation assessment.
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Visual-field perimeter
Maps the extent and sensitivity of the visual field.
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Snellen visual-acuity chart
Assesses distance visual acuity under standardised viewing conditions.
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Ishihara colour-vision plates
Screens principally for red–green colour-vision deficiency.
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Direct ophthalmoscope
Examines the ocular fundus, including the optic disc and retinal vessels.
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Audiometer
Measures hearing thresholds for defined test signals.
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Mosso ergograph
Demonstrates repeated muscular work and the development of fatigue in a teaching experiment.
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Handgrip dynamometer
Measures grip force for practical assessment and standardised functional testing.
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Kymograph
Produces a time-based mechanical record in classical physiology demonstrations.
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Induction coil
Provides induction-generated stimuli in classical experimental physiology apparatus.
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Isolated organ bath
Supports isolated-tissue demonstrations under controlled laboratory conditions.
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TENS electrical stimulator
Illustrates a clinical application of peripheral-nerve stimulation; TENS is used for temporary pain relief in appropriate settings.
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Stopwatch
Measures time intervals in physiology practicals.
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Clinical thermometer
Measures body temperature using a device and site appropriate to the examination.
Identify · Locate · Practise 4 viva questions · Zoomable referenceA core teaching collection for both courses. Instrument models and practical lists vary by college. Historical apparatus is included for recognition and principles; follow your department’s supervised practical programme.